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GH-36594: [C++] Don't use MSVC_VERSION to determin -fms-compatibility-version (#36595)

### Rationale for this change

`MSVC_VERSION` isn't used correctly. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Remove MSVC 2013 or earlier check because it reached EOL
* Don't change `-fms-compatibility-version` depending on `MSVC_VERSION`
   * Always use the lowest supported Visual Studio version for it

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* Closes: #36594

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>