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ARROW-24: C++: Implement a logical Table container type

A table enables us to interpret a collection of Arrow arrays as a logical table or "data frame"-like structure.  Each column may consist of one or more "primitive" Arrow memory containers.

Note that this currently has the limitation that the table column names must be strings. At least, this is consistent with most storage media and up-stack table implementations (e.g. R's data.frame).

Currently this is somewhat limited in the arrangement of data (a vector of chunked columns -- the columns may contain only one data chunk) -- since a Table might be assembled from a vector of row batches (coming across the wire), "pivoting" the row batches might have performance implications that we can examine further on down the road.

Author: Wes McKinney <wesm@apache.org>

Closes #16 from wesm/ARROW-24 and squashes the following commits:

b701c76 [Wes McKinney] Test case for wrong number of columns passed
5faa5ac [Wes McKinney] cpplint
9a651cb [Wes McKinney] Basic table prototype. Move Schema code under arrow/table