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ARROW-14853: [C++][Python] Improve error message for missing function options

Some compute function have required options (because there is no reasonable default value).

Currently they would raise a cryptic error:
```
>>> pc.partition_nth_indices([1,2,3])
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ArrowInvalid: Attempted to initialize KernelState from null FunctionOptions
```

With this PR, the error becomes slightly more insightful:
```
>>> pc.partition_nth_indices([1,2,3])
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ArrowInvalid: Function 'partition_nth_indices' cannot be called without options
```

Closes #11961 from pitrou/ARROW-14853-compute-required-options

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>