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ARROW-71: [C++] Add clang-tidy and clang-format to the the tool chain.

I changed the ubuntu flavor for building to precise because https://github.com/travis-ci/apt-source-whitelist/issues/199 is currently blocking using trusty.

I also expect there might be a couple of iterations on settings for clang-format and clang-tidy (or if we even want them as standard parts of the toolchain).  @wesm I noticed the lint target explicitly turns off some checks, I don't know if these were copy and pasted or you really don't like them.  If the latter I can do a first pass of turning the same ones off for clang-tidy.

In terms of reviewing: It is likely useful, to look at the PR commit by commit, since the last two commits are 99% driven by the first commit.   The main chunk of code that wasn't machine fixed is FatalLog in logging.

The good news is clang-tidy caught one potential corner case segfault when a column happened to be null :)

Author: Micah Kornfield <emkornfield@gmail.com>

Closes #55 from emkornfield/emk_add_clang_tidy_PR and squashes the following commits:

2fafb10 [Micah Kornfield] adjust line length from 88 to 90, turn on bin packing of parameters. increase penality for before first call parameter
169352f [Micah Kornfield] add llvm tool chain as travis source
e7723d1 [Micah Kornfield] upgrade to precise to verify if build works.  address self comments
d3f76d8 [Micah Kornfield] clang format change
9c556ef [Micah Kornfield] cleanup from clang-tidy
26945e9 [Micah Kornfield] add more failure checks for build_thirdparty
4dd0b81 [Micah Kornfield] Add clang-format and clang-tidy targets to toolchain