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GH-40153: [Python] Avoid using np.take in Array.to_numpy() (#40295)

### Rationale for this change

`Array.to_numpy` calls `np.take` to linearize dictionary arrays. This fails on 32-bit Numpy builds because we give Numpy 64-bit indices and Numpy would like to downcast them.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Avoid calling `np.take`, instead using our own dictionary decoding routine.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. A test failure is fixed on 32-bit.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #40153

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>