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ARROW-18420: [C++][Parquet] Introduce ColumnIndex & OffsetIndex (#14803)

Basically this patch has defined the interface of `ColumnIndex` and `OffsetIndex`. Implementation classes are also provided to deserialize byte stream, wrap thrift message and provide access to their attributes.

BTW, the naming style throughout the code base looks confusing to me. I have tried to follow what I have understood from the parquet sub-directory. Please correct me if anything is incorrect.

Lead-authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>