arrow

GH-38737: [Java] Fix JDBC caching of SqlInfo values (#38739)

### Rationale for this change
The cache of SqlInfo properties that ArrowDatabaseMetaData maintains isn't populated in a thread-safe way. This can cause JDBC applications trying to retrieve several properties from DatabaseMetaData to encounter missing properties when they shouldn't.

### What changes are included in this PR?
- Changed the checking for the cache being populated to be based on an AtomicBoolean marking that the cache is fully populated, rather than just checking if the cache is empty.
- Avoid having multiple threads call getSqlInfo() if they see that the cache is empty concurrently.

### Are these changes tested?
Verified existing unit tests.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No.
* Closes: #38737

Authored-by: James Duong <james.duong@improving.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>