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GH-43814: [GLib][FlightRPC] Add `GAFlightServerClass::do_put` (#43999)

### Rationale for this change

This is needed to write `DoPut` client tests.

### What changes are included in this PR?

The following features are also added:
* `GAFlightMetadataWriter`
* `garrow_record_batch_writer_is_closed()`
* Improve `ArrowFlight::Client#do_put` API in Ruby

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #43814

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>