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GH-40153: [C++][Python] Fix test_gdb failures on 32-bit (#40293)

### Rationale for this change

`test_gdb.py` would fail on 32-bit platforms because the gdb extension errors out when a timestamp value is larger than the platform's time_t.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Catch `OverflowError` from the Python datetime module when trying to format a timestamp
2. Tweak the expected test results on 32-bit

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #40153

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>