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GH-42015: [MATLAB] Executing `tfeather.m` test class causes MATLAB to crash on `windows-2022` after MSVC update from 14.39.33519 to 14.40.33807 (#42123)

### Rationale for this change

After the `windows-2022` GitHub runner image was updated last week, MATLAB began crashing when running the unit tests in `arrow/matlab/test/tfeather.m` on Windows. As part of the update, VS 2022 was updated from 
`17.9.34902.65` to `17.10.34928.147` and MSVC was updated from `14.39.33519` to `14.40.33807`. 

It looks like many other projects have run into this issue as well:

1. https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/10004
2. https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/10020

The suggested workaround for this crash is to supply  the flag `_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR` when building. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Supply `_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR` flag when building  Arrow C++.

### Are these changes tested?

N/A. Existing tests used.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #42015

Authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>