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GH-43728: [Python] ChunkedArray fails gracefully on non-cpu devices (#43795)

### Rationale for this change

ChunkedArrays that are backed by non-cpu memory should not segfault when the user invokes an incompatible API.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add IsCpu() to ChunkedArray
* Throw a python exception for known incompatible APIs on non-cpu device

### Are these changes tested?

Unit tests

### Are there any user-facing changes?

The user should no longer see segfaults for certain APIs, just python exceptions.
* GitHub Issue: #43728

Authored-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin@apache.org>