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GH-41988: [Go] Add FormatRecoveredError to consistently handle recovery with wrapped errors (#41989)

### Rationale for this change

Part of #36186 (Fixes it, IMO)
Fixes #41988.

### What changes are included in this PR?

A new internal `FormatRecoveredError()` function adds consistency to
errors generated from panic recovery.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Users will be able to unwrap errors thrown by allocators, for example.

* GitHub Issue: #41988