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GH-38366: [Java] Fix Murmur hash on buffers less than 4 bytes (#38368)



### Rationale for this change

Using the `MurmurHash` implementation would cause collisions on small input values.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Fix the iteration for small and tail values that are not 4 bytes in length.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?
Unlikely unless someone was using the `MurmurHash` functions to persist a hash value.

* Closes: #38366

Authored-by: Chris Larsen <clarsen@netflix.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>