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GH-38756: [R] More debug output for r/configure and nixlibs.R (#38819)

### Rationale for this change

It  hinders debug-ability for users if the failing log doesn't include all info by default.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add debug output to test compile command in r/configure and always display output with regards to the binary download.

### Are these changes tested?
crossbow, locally
* Closes: #38756

Lead-authored-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>
Co-authored-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@dunnington.ca>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>