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GH-34417: [C++][Flight] Upgrade OpenTelemetry SemanticConventions header (#34419)

### Rationale for this change

This is required for compatibility with opentelemtry-cpp 1.8.2 (released 2023-01-31) and beyond.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Replaced experimental header with stable one. Added a version guard to our CMake build to enforce minimum version of opentelemtry-cpp that has this header.

### Are these changes tested?

* [x] Built locally with minimum version of opentelemtry-cpp.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, this increases the minimum version of opentelemtry-cpp.

* Closes: #34417

Authored-by: Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>