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MINOR: [Java] Bump com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle from 8.29 to 10.17.0 in /java (#43311)

### Rationale for this change

Now that Java 8 is deprecated, we can bump checkstyle to latest version.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Bump checkstyle to 10.17.0
* Update checkstyle.xml to fix backwards-breaking changes
* Fix new check errors

### Are these changes tested?

CI

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

Authored-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin@apache.org>