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GH-43396: [Java] Remove/replace jsr305 (#43397)

### Rationale for this change

jsr305 is not maintained anymore and is unlikely to support JPMS. The classes are also in the javax. namespace which is known to cause issues as well.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Replace most uses of jsr305 with the equivalent checker framework annotations, and remove usage of `@ ThreadSafe.`

### Are these changes tested?

CI/CD

### Are there any user-facing changes?

None

* GitHub Issue: #43396

Authored-by: Laurent Goujon <laurent@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>