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GH-38597: [C++] Implement GetFileInfo(selector) for Azure filesystem (#39009)

### Rationale for this change

Part of Azure FS implementation.

### What changes are included in this PR?

The version of `GetFileInfo` that takes a prefix and can optionally
recurse into directories.

### Are these changes tested?

By unit tests present in this PR. Separate from this PR, I'm thinking of
way to fuzz-test the FS API.
* Closes: #38597