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GH-38326: [C++][Parquet] check the decompressed page size same as size in page header (#38327)



### Rationale for this change

As mentioned in issue, currently we only decompress the page without checking the decompress size. 
This patch add a checkings.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Throw exception when size not matches in `SerializedPageReader::DecompressIfNeeded`

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Non-conforming files may throw an exception while they would silently return invalid results before.

* Closes: #38326

Authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>