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ARROW-16794: [CI][C++][MinGW] Make CI jobs more stable (#13359)

This pull request includes the followings:

* Build error fixes on debug build
  * Debug build was tried but it's slower than release build
  * So we don't change build type in this pull request
* Increase timeout to make MinGW related CI jobs buildable without cache
  * 60 minutes are short for MinGW related CI jobs without cache

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>