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GH-34615: [CI][C++] Add CI job for basic format support without ARROW_COMPUTE (#34617)

This adds a crossbow job for `ARROW_IPC`, `ARROW_PARQUET`, and `ARROW_CSV` - based on a minimal Ubuntu image.

The job primarily aims to test the core Arrow library + basic format support without the full kernel registry provided by `ARROW_COMPUTE`. Note that `ARROW_JSON` is implicitly enabled as well, since it's a dependency of `ARROW_TESTING`.

* Closes: #34615
* Closes: #34655 

Authored-by: benibus <bpharks@gmx.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>