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GH-38051: [Java] Remove Java 8 support (#43139)

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Remove support for Java 8 in Github actions and other CI/CD tasks and make Java 11 now the default version
* Make Java 11 the minimum version required to build and run Arrow by changing the Maven project configuration:
  - Change minimum java version and source/target/release compiler properties to 11
  - Remove `maven` modules
  - Remove jdk11+ profiles and integrate their content into the main section
  - Let maven-compiler-plugin process `module-info.java` files and address several declaration issues
  - Exclude non modularized modules from javadoc aggregate tasks
  - Exclude module-info.class files from shaded jars as it is not representative of the whole content and may actually directly coming from a 3rd party dependency.
* Update documentation

### Are these changes tested?

Through CI/CD.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes. Java 11 is now required to run any Arrow code

**This PR includes breaking changes to public APIs.**

* GitHub Issue: #38051

Authored-by: Laurent Goujon <laurent@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin@apache.org>