arrow

GH-43631: [C][Format] Add ArrowAsyncDeviceStreamHandler interface (#43632)



### Rationale for this change
See https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/issues/811 and https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/43631

### What changes are included in this PR?
Definition of `ArrowAsyncDeviceStreamHandler` and addition of it to the docs.

I've sent an [email to the mailing list](https://lists.apache.org/thread/yfokmfkrmmp7tqvq0m3rshcvloq278cq) to start a discussion on this topic, so this may change over time due to those discussions.

* GitHub Issue: #43631

Lead-authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Co-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin.oss@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Co-authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Ian Cook <ianmcook@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>