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GH-36433: [C++] Update fast_float version to 3.10.1 (#36434)



### Rationale for this change

Need this for parsing Infinity values with + sign.

### What changes are included in this PR?

updated version of fast_float to version 3.10.1 (used this version because in higher versions c++ 20 started using that cause a lot of build errors)

### Are these changes tested?
 
in scope of fast_float.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
no

* Closes: #36433

Lead-authored-by: Ivan Chesnov <ivan.chesnov@dremio.com>
Co-authored-by: Ivan Chesnov <xxxlaykxxx@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>