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GH-37537: [Integration][C++] Add C Data Interface integration testing (#37769)

### Rationale for this change

Currently there are no systematic integration tests between implementations of the C Data Interface, only a couple ad-hoc tests.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Add Archery infrastructure for integration testing of the C Data Interface
2. Add implementation of this interface for Arrow C++

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by construction.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #37537

Lead-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Co-authored-by: Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>