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GH-43080: [CI][Dev] Enable shellcheck (#44724)

### Rationale for this change

shellcheck is a shell linter. It will find some potential problems in CI.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add a shellcheck entry to `.pre-commit-config.yaml`
* Enable shellcheck lint only for `ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh`

We should enable shellcheck lint for all shell scripts eventually. 

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #43080

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>