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GH-44855: [Python][Packaging] Use delvewheel to repair Windows wheels (#35323)

### Rationale for this change

We need to ship the C++ standard library with our Windows wheels, as it is not guaranteed that a recent enough version is present on the system. However, some other Python libraries may require an even more recent version than the one we ship. This may incur crashes when PyArrow is imported before such other Python library, as the older version of the C++ standard library would be used by both.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use a [fixed-up version](https://github.com/adang1345/delvewheel/pull/59) of delvewheel that allows us to name-mangle an individual DLL, and name-mangle `msvcp140.dll` to ensure that other Python libraries do not reuse the version we ship.

### Are these changes tested?

By regular wheel build tests.

* Closes: #44855
* GitHub Issue: #33981
* GitHub Issue: #44855

Lead-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>