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GH-38684: [Integration] Try to strengthen C Data Interface testing (#38846)

### Rationale for this change

C Data Interface integration tests sometimes crash with a complicated traceback involving Java, Go and C# signal handlers.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Update JDK version in integration build
* Disable signal-based memory management in the JVM so as to improve cooperation with other runtimes
* Set memory limits to the various managed runtimes (Java, .Net, Go)
* Enable some checks in the Go runtime
* Enable debug allocator in Arrow Java

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. I am not able to reproduce any sporadic crash using these changes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* Closes: #38684

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>