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ARROW-14491: [CI] Add Debian 10 C++ nightly build

The GCS testbench doesn't currently work on Debian 10, but it was never noticed because Debian 10 builds were disabled. Removing the testbench for now, and re-enabling builds.

Closes #11568 from jeszyb/debian-10

Authored-by: jeszyb <jeszyb@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Krisztián Szűcs <szucs.krisztian@gmail.com>