arrow

GH-36441: [Python] Make `CacheOptions` configurable from Python  (#36627)



### Rationale for this change
Resolves: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/36441

### What changes are included in this PR?
- Add python bindings for `CacheOptions` from the C++ side. 
- Allow setting `cache_options` on `ParquetFragmentScanOptions` from the python side. 
- Adjust some of the comments on `CacheOptions`

### Are these changes tested?
Yes. I added python side tests for these newly available configs similar to other configs. I have not added an integration test that ensures setting the configs on the python side leads to correctly using them on the C++ side. 

### Are there any user-facing changes?
Yes. The are new configs available on the python side but the defaults are unchanged. I've added/updated docstrings where relevant. 

* Closes: #36441

Lead-authored-by: Thomas Newton <thomas.w.newton@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>