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GH-44393: [C++][Compute] Vector selection functions `inverse_permutation` and `scatter` (#44394)



### Rationale for this change

For background please see #44393.

When implementing the "scatter" function requested in #44393, I found it also useful to make it a public vector API. After a painful thinking, I decided to name it "permute". And when implementing permute, I found it fairly easy to implement it by first computing the "reverse indices" of the positions, and then invoking the existing "take", where I think "reverse_indices"  itself can also be a useful public vector API. Thus the PR categorized them as "placement functions".

### What changes are included in this PR?

Implement vector selection API `inverse_permutation` and `scatter`, where `scatter(values, indices)` is implemented as `take(values, inverse_permutation(indices))`.

### Are these changes tested?

UT included.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, new public APIs added. Documents updated.

* GitHub Issue: #44393

Lead-authored-by: Ruoxi Sun <zanmato1984@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Rossi Sun <zanmato1984@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>