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GH-38562: [Packaging] Add support for Ubuntu 23.10 (#38563)

### Rationale for this change

Ubuntu 23.10 released on 2023-10.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Build packages for Ubuntu 23.10.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #38562

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>