arrow

GH-39815: [C++] Document and micro-optimize ChunkResolver::Resolve() (#39817)

### Rationale for this change

There has been interest in improving operations on chunked-arrays and even though `ChunkResolver::Resolve()` is not a big contributor in most kernels, the fact that it can be used from tight loops warrants careful attention to branch prediction and memory effects of its implementation.

### What changes are included in this PR?

 - Documentation of invariants and behavior of functions
 - Multiple optimizations justified by microbenchmarks
 - Addition of a variation of `Resolve` that takes a hint as parameter
 - Fix of an out-of-bounds memory access that doesn't affect correctness (it can only reduce effectiveness of cache in very rare situations, but is nevertheless an issue)

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by existing tests.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

 - The `arrow::internal::ChunkResolver::Bisect()` function was `protected` and is now `private` with a different signature
* Closes: #39815

Authored-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>