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GH-15012: [Packaging][deb] Use system Protobuf for Debian GNU/Linux bookworm (#15013)

libprotobuf-dev on Debian GNU/Linux bookworm is now 3.21.11:

https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=libprotobuf-dev

We can use it for our package.

This fixes the following package test failure:

https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/3719263437/jobs/6308012451

    -- Could NOT find Protobuf (missing: Protobuf_LIBRARIES Protobuf_INCLUDE_DIR)
    CMake Error at CMakeLists.txt:24 (find_package):
      Found package configuration file:

        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/cmake/Arrow/ArrowConfig.cmake

      but it set Arrow_FOUND to FALSE so package "Arrow" is considered to be NOT
      FOUND.  Reason given by package:

      Arrow could not be found because dependency ProtobufAlt could not be found.

    -- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!
* Closes: #15012

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>