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ARROW-12112: [Rust] Create and store less debug information in CI and integration tests

# Rationale
Rust debug symbols are quite verbose, taking up memory during the final link time as well as significant disk space. Turning off the creation of symbols should save us compile / test time for CI as well as space on the integration test

# Change
Do not produce debug symbols on Rust CI (keep enough to have line numbers in `panic!` traceback, but not enough to interpret a core file, which no one does to my knowledge anyways)

Note that the integration test passed: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/9879/checks?check_run_id=2256148363

Closes #9879 from alamb/less_symbols_in_integration

Authored-by: Andrew Lamb <andrew@nerdnetworks.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Lamb <andrew@nerdnetworks.org>