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GH-33935: [Go][FlightRPC] Implement Flight SQL extensions (#34039)



### Rationale for this change

Bringing the Go implementation of Flight SQL in line with the C++ and Java implementations.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Implementation of Transactions, Save points and more. This includes adding new functions to the Server interface.

### Are these changes tested?
 Yes, by integration testing.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
This is a breaking change as a few methods are simplified to utilize the Client's allocator rather than needing a separate allocator passed in.

* Closes: #33935

Authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>