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GH-43204: [CI][Packaging] Apply vcpkg patch to fix Thrift version (#43208)

### Rationale for this change

Currently our java-jars and some wheels jobs are failing due to downloading a wrong version of Apache Thrift based on the 0.20.0 branch instead of the tag. That branch contains a new commit that makes the sha validation to fail.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Apply the Thrift patch that was applied on vcpkg here: https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg/pull/39787

### Are these changes tested?
Via archery

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No
* GitHub Issue: #43204

Authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>