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GH-37636: [Go] Bump minimum go versions (#37637)

Updating the Github Actions workflows to only test Go 1.19 and Go 1.20 instead of Go1.17 and Go1.18. Also bumping the default Go version in the `.env` file to update the docker images.
* Closes: #37636

Lead-authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>