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GH-39421: [CI][Ruby] Update to using Ubuntu 22.04 on test-ruby and test-c-glib nightly jobs (#39422)

### Rationale for this change
CI Jobs for Ruby and c-glib are failing on Ubuntu due to bundler failing to install on old Ruby.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use Ubuntu 22.04 on those jobs.

### Are these changes tested?

Via Archery

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No
* Closes: #39421

Authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>