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GH-41116: [C++] IO: enhance boundary checking in CompressedInputStream (#41117)



### Rationale for this change

Enhance the boundary checking code style in `io::CompressedInputStream`.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add `compressed_buffer_available` and `decompressed_buffer_available` in the class, and uses them for checking the boundary
* Change `Status(bool*)` to `Result<bool>`

### Are these changes tested?

Already has testing. I don't know how to hacking into internal

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: #41116

Lead-authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mwish <1506118561@qq.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>