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GH-45047: [CI][Python][Packaging] Test 3.12 wheels on Ubuntu 24.04 (#45042)

### Rationale for this change

We already test some Python wheels on Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04, depending on the system Python version. Also do so with Ubuntu 24.04.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by definition.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45047

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>