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GH-39463: [C++] Support cast kernel from large string, (large) binary to dictionary (#40017)



### Rationale for this change

Support `cast` kernel from large string(`large_utf8()`, (large) binary(`binary()`, `large_binary()`) to `dictionary`

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Support `cast` kernel 
  - from large string(`large_utf8()`) to `dictionary`
  - from binary(`binary()`) to `dictionary`
  - from large binary(`large_binary()`) to `dictionary`

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. It is passed by existing test cases.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* Closes: #39463

Authored-by: Hyunseok Seo <hsseo0501@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>