arrow

GH-40212: [R][CI] Add a C++ with gcc 14 build (#40244)


This is an attempt to make sure we catching things like the issue we ran into in https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/40009 in CI so that we could confirm that we don't run into this in the future. CRAN does runs using pre-release compilers, and we've hit this a time or two. We can wait for them to come and tell us we need to move in order to stay up, but it would be nice if we could detect this ourselves. And more importantly: it gives us a hopefully easier we to replicate the error and confirm we've fixed it so that we can have confidence when we submit. 

``` [1m/tmp/RtmpLtR2pg/R.INSTALL1d415a4f31ad3b/arrow/tools/cpp/src/arrow/filesystem/util_internal.cc:143:7:  [0m [0;1;31merror:  [0m [1mno matching function for call to 'find' [0m
  143 |   if (std::find(supported_schemes.begin(), supported_schemes.end(), scheme) == [0m
      |  [0;1;32m      ^~~~~~~~~
 [0m [1m/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/14/../../../../include/c++/14/bits/streambuf_iterator.h:435:5:  [0m [0;1;30mnote:  [0mcandidate template ignored: could not match 'istreambuf_iterator' against '__normal_iterator' [0m
  435 |     find(istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> __first, [0m
      |  [0;1;32m    ^
 [0m1 error generated.
``` 

https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/40244#issuecomment-1968156808 is a run before our fix showing the same failure.

I've also downloaded + saved the log from CRAN since it will be overwritten soon now that we have a new release up: [Install log for 'arrow' with clang dev.txt](https://github.com/apache/arrow/files/14407630/Install.log.for.arrow.with.clang.dev.txt)

* GitHub Issue: #40212

Authored-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>