arrow

GH-43973: [Python] Table fails gracefully on non-cpu devices (#43974)

## Rationale for this change

Table APIs should throw python exception instead of segfault if they don't support operating on non-cpu memory.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add is_cpu() property to Table
* Add _assert_cpu() checks to Table APIs that only support operating on cpu memory

### Are these changes tested?

* Unit tests

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No, besides receiving a friendlier error in certain scenarios.
* GitHub Issue: #43973

Lead-authored-by: Dane Pitkin <dpitkin@apache.org>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>