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ARROW-7602: [Archery] Add more archery build options

Add various options

- `--with-examples`
- `--with-compute`
- `--with-dataset`
- `--with-fuzzing`

And provide better defaults when said options are enabled, e.g. `--with-fuzzing` will put the proper build type (if not specified), enable asan/ubsan and default toolchain to llvm.

Closes #6219 from fsaintjacques/archery-build-improve and squashes the following commits:

5831a5a75 <François Saint-Jacques> ARROW-7602:  Add more archery build options

Authored-by: François Saint-Jacques <fsaintjacques@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: François Saint-Jacques <fsaintjacques@gmail.com>