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ARROW-14714: [C++][Doc] Rework CMake presets and add documentation

Try to define CMake presets that correspond to common use cases.
Switch to version 3 of the format so that `binaryDir` isn't mandatory anymore.
Also add display names so that the command line can be more informative.
Document the use of CMake presets.

Summary of available presets:
```
$ cmake --list-presets
Available configure presets:

  "ninja-debug-minimal"     - Debug build without anything enabled
  "ninja-debug-basic"       - Debug build with tests and reduced dependencies
  "ninja-debug"             - Debug build with tests and more optional components
  "ninja-debug-cuda"        - Debug build with tests and CUDA integration
  "ninja-debug-filesystems" - Debug build with tests and filesystems
  "ninja-debug-flight"      - Debug build with tests and Flight
  "ninja-debug-gandiva"     - Debug build with tests and Gandiva
  "ninja-debug-python"      - Debug build with tests and Python support
  "ninja-debug-maximal"     - Debug build with everything enabled (except benchmarks and CUDA)
  "ninja-release-minimal"   - Release build without anything enabled
  "ninja-release-basic"     - Release build with reduced dependencies
  "ninja-release"           - Release build with more optional components
  "ninja-release-cuda"      - Release build with CUDA integration
  "ninja-release-flight"    - Release build with Flight
  "ninja-release-gandiva"   - Release build with Gandiva
  "ninja-release-python"    - Release build with Python support
  "ninja-release-maximal"   - Release build with everything enabled (except benchmarks and CUDA)
  "ninja-benchmarks-basic"  - Benchmarking build with reduced dependencies
  "ninja-benchmarks"        - Benchmarking build with more optional components
```

Closes #11778 from pitrou/ARROW-14714-cmake-presets

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Krisztián Szűcs <szucs.krisztian@gmail.com>