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GH-43291: [C++] Expand the 'take' function tests to cover more chunked-array cases (#43292)


### Rationale for this change

#41700 (as it is currently) passes all the C++ tests even though it contains a few bugs (caught by manual repro steps and tests of of the Ruby bindings). The C++ tests should be able to catch these kinds of bugs and exercise code beyond the TakeAAA cases.

### What changes are included in this PR?

 - Explicitly calling out which TakeXX variation is being checked in tests and assert helpers
 - Using `AssertChunkedEqual` instead of `AssertChunkedEquivalent` (via `AssertDatumsEqual`)
 - 

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. The improved tests catch bugs now.
* GitHub Issue: #43291

Authored-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>