arrow

GH-41321: [C++][Parquet] More strict Parquet level checking (#41346)



### Rationale for this change

In https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/41321 , user reports a corrupt when reading from a corrupt parquet file. This is because we lost some checking. Current code works on reading a normal parquet file. But when reading a corrupt file, this need to be more strict.

**Currently this patch just enhance the checking on Parquet Level, the correspond value check would be add in later patches**

### What changes are included in this PR?

More strict parquet checkings on Level

### Are these changes tested?

Already exists test, maybe we can introduce parquet file as test file

### Are there any user-facing changes?

More strict checkings

* GitHub Issue: #41321

Lead-authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mwish <anmmscs_maple@qq.com>
Signed-off-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>