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GH-36239: [CI][C++] Add support for multiple flags for ARROW_*_FLAGS_* (#36281)

### Rationale for this change

Quoting is needed for multiple flags.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add quoting.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #36239

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>