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GH-37738: [Go][CI] Update Go version for verification (#37745)



### Rationale for this change
Forgot to update the verification script to use the newer version of Go, it was still using Go 1.17

* Closes: #37738

Authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>